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The term "Five 'Civilized' Tribes" derives from the colonial and early federal period. It refers to five Native American nations—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muscogee), and Seminole. These are the first five tribes that Anglo-European settlers generally considered to be "civilized" according to their own world view, because these five tribes adopted attributes of the colonists' culture, for example, Christianity, centralized governments, literacy, market participation, written constitutions, intermarriage with white Americans, and plantation slavery practices. The Five "Civilized" Tribes tended to maintain stable political relations with the Europeans. ==Terminology and usage== The use of the term "civilized" has historically been employed to differentiate the Five Tribes from other tribes that, by contrast, were referred to during the same period as "wild". Non-indigenous historical texts have used the term "wild" as an identifier of Indian tribes that, after European Contact, maintained their traditional practices, such as hunting for food. Accordingly, the term has virtually fallen out of use in contemporary in academic arenas, and is increasingly less favored. Use of the term "civilized" is of particular significance, however, in reference to the Five Tribes collectively, given that during a particular period of history they had a collective tendency to integrate Anglo-European cultural practices into their own cultures. This common tendency is itself of interest. Sociological, anthropological and interdisciplinary scholars do explore questions of how and why various cultures and sub-cultures adopt, appropriate, and adapt to features of other cultures in their proximity. Suggestions do exist that the concept of "civilization" was itself to a degree internalized among members of the Five Nations, who themselves even used the term. However, much of Native North American history is of the oral tradition, which make this assertion difficult to substantiate. Scholarly research on this particular point is also scarce. The term "civilized" in present-day discussion of Native American culture, nationhood, or people, is nonetheless contentious and has largely fallen out of common use. At various places and times (for example in the writings of Vine Deloria, Jr.) the term has been identified as insulting or derogatory, with its implication that the various nations of people indigenous to the North American continent were objectively "uncivilized" without the influence of Anglo-European ways of life. As such, the term raises questions of what constitutes "civilization" and assumes that qualitative "degrees" of civilization exist between peoples. It is therefore regarded as a judgment-laden term at worst, or highly perspective-dependent at best. Accordingly, its application in contemporary scholarly, journalistic, or political narrative puts those who would use it at risk of criticism for ethnocentricity or bias. Owing to its historical usage, however, The Five "Civilized" Tribes is a term that can be used to advantage in a piece of writing provided that an explanation addresses the notion of "civilized" at its first mention. "The Five Tribes" functions as a more neutral form of the term thereafter. An alternative term in use is the Five Tribes of the Mississippian Culture, or simply, the Mississippian Culture. Similarly, and depending on the context, terms such as "culturally retentive", "culturally resilient", "culturally resolute" could function as possible variants to replace the highly pejorative adjective "wild" when referring to members of the human race. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Five Civilized Tribes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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